Teenage Marriage

Teenage Marriage Teen marriage is typically defined as the union of two adolescents, joined in marriage from the age range of 14–19 years old. Until the late 20th century, teen marriage was very common and instrumental in securing a family, continuing a blood lineage and producing offspring for labor. [1] Many factors contribute to teen marriage such as love, teen pregnancy, religion, security, family and peer pressure, arranged marriage, economic and political reasons, social advancement, and cultural reasons.Studies have shown that teenage married couples are often less advantageous, may come from broken homes, may have little education and work low status jobs in comparison to those that marry after adolescence. [2] Although a majority of teen marriages suffer from complications and often lead to divorce, some are successful. For example, in India, where teenagers are sometimes forced to marry by arrangement, more than 90% of these marriages will not end in divorce. In the United States, half of teen marriages dissolve within 15 years of the marriage. 3] The rate of teen marriage, however, is decreasing due the many opportunities that are available now that previously were not available before. Presently, teen marriage is not widely accepted in much of the world. [4] Teen marriage is most prevalent in culturally or geographically isolated parts of the world and it is decreasing where education is the focus of the population Teen marriage is typically defined as the union of two adolescents, joined in marriage from the age range of 14–19 years old.Until the late 20th century, teen marriage was very common and instrumental in securing a family, continuing a blood lineage and producing offspring for labor. [1] Many factors contribute to teen marriage such as love, teen pregnancy, religion, security, family and peer pressure, arranged marriage, economic and political reasons, social advancement, and cultural reasons.Studies have shown that teenage married couples are often less advantageous, may come from broken homes, may have little education and work low status jobs in comparison to those that marry after adolescence. [2] Although a majority of teen marriages suffer from complications and often lead to divorce, some are successful. For example, in India, where teenagers are sometimes forced to marry by arrangement, more than 90% of these marriages will not end in divorce.In the United States, half of teen marriages dissolve within 15 years of the marriage. [3] The rate of teen marriage, however, is decreasing due the many opportunities that are available now that previously were not available before. Presently, teen marriage is not widely accepted in much of the world. [4] Teen marriage is most prevalent in culturally or geographically isolated parts of the world and it is decreasing where education is the focus of the population Related post: Social Studies SBA on Teenage Pregnancy

Research Methods Essay

In case where I am taking part in a community mentoring program and have been assigned to help a local high school student who is experiencing difficulty in writing research papers, I am most likely to discuss the research methods that I utilized and why they worked best for me. First of all is experimental method. I will explain to the student that experimental research is a method of research wherein it aims to test a hypothesis in controlled circumstances, which means, â€Å"that all the causes/independent variables are controlled separately from a test variable to investigate the effect on a dependent variable† (Oulu.. 2000). I will also inform the student that the simplest model of laboratory experimentation is where two independent variables are contrasted (Oulu.. , 2000). I will provide examples for the student to understand it better, for instance, subjects are exposed to two different sound stimuli such as tones of different frequencies, to compare the effects on the dependent variable, which in this case is, heart rate (Oulu.. , 2000). It works best for me because the experimental method as a way to research because laboratory experimentation has been used to take a more in-depth look at human and animal behaviors basically because the effects of confounding variables including the influence of observation are controlled (Oulu.. , 2000). Another method of research that I will reintroduce to the student is the one which is technically referred to as â€Å"qualitative research† wherein its findings are not deduced by statistical or any other quantitative procedures (Bureau.. , n. d. ). I prefer this and it works best for me as well because it entails â€Å"detailed verbal descriptions of characteristics, cases, and settings or data deduced from observation, interviews, and document review† (Bureau.. , n. d. ). I will also inform the student about the objectives of the aforementioned method of research including the fact that it aims to: a) develop hypothesis or theory; b) understand behavior in a natural setting; c) study phenomena in their entirety rather than concentrating on narrow aspects of the phenomena referred to as independent or dependent variables (Ipsos, 2007).

How Language Transformed Humanity Essay

The evolutionary biologist Mark Pagel states, in his speech, that language is the most powerful, risky and revolutionary characteristic of the human being ever evolved. The purpose of the speaker is to inform about the great and potent features of this trait. Pagel explains to us that when we talk, we are able to transfer thoughts in someone else’s mind and vice-versa using such a form of telemetry. In other words this process is similar to what happens between TV remote control and television. According to this biologist language is one of the most subversive means that we can use to express ourselves. One very representative example is the censorship and the awareness that we have to pay attention to when we say or write anything. Going on, Mr Pagel poses two important questions: he asks the reason why language evolves itself, and why it evolved in our species and not in others. The answer is that only human beings have a special feature named â€Å"social learning†, which lets us improve ourselves by watching and copying the actions that someone else did. Such a revolutionary characteristic could also prevent us from making the same mistakes and allows us to do the same action better than before. So we make progresses, whereas the smarter animals remain doing some activities over and over again, without big advancements. As a result of the social learning or, as anthropologists call it, cumulative cultural adaptation we can make stuff, and all the things that surround us are consequences of this process. Now we are moving towards a critical point, which is: â€Å"Why do we have language? †. First, Mr. Pagel states that social learning is visual theft. We can learn stealing ideas and benefit from the best qualities of someone else, without working on something or persevering on it. Secondly he reveals us that when human beings discovered this aspect of social learning (thousands of years ago) arose a dilemma: â€Å"How can we preserve our best ideas and avoid that others steal them? †. Our ancestors could have behaved in the following ways: concentrating themselves in small groups so as to bequeath the acquired information to offspring. But the result would have been isolation and a slight improvement. Or they could have created a system of communication to start cooperating with one another and share everything useful. Obviously they had chosen the second option and in this way language was born. So the solution to the previous dilemma is communication. Then Mr. Pagel points out how peculiar the fact is that we have 8000 different languages spoken on Earth. More surprising is that the greatest density is located in the smallest areas such as islands. This is related to the tendency of people to isolate in small groups in order to protect identities and cultures. On the other side nowadays we communicate a lot more than in the past. But our modern world founded on connectivity and cooperation is limited by the variety of languages. This raises the question: â€Å"is it possible in our globalized and standardized world to have all these different languages? †. Mr. Pagel has no answer but it seems inevitable that our destiny might be a one language world.

Human Services Program and Profession Unit Research Paper

Human Services Program and Profession Unit - Research Paper Example According to the paper the reporter wants to learn how to network clientele with needed society resources and services. Additionally, the degree course should prepare him on how to serve for the worker as a basis to convey a thorough baccalaureate degrees. The human service degree and program should support national agenda approval with the national accrediting body for human service degrees. He expects to take part in students’ election to aim my academic course in the human service, psychological health or gerontology domain. This can be accomplished by following two applied that are aimed particularly in the selected area of concentration.This strudy stresses that the author looks forward to getting a GPA above 2.75 amongst the Human Services candidates. This way, he can get a continuing learning credit for more than half a decade ought to file his familiarity with all units and fields associated with the human services degree course and profession. The course should also e nable him to join groups that create a path to adhering to the guidelines provided by the National Organization for Human Services. The author looks forward to standardizing crucial education anticipations and morals in human services class involved with human services workers. The class should be able to bestow the HS-BCP credentials. The reporter wants to learn how to prim my colleagues to effectually work and knowledgeably operate systems in need of uninterrupted care, assistance and individual support.  

American History Research Paper (Tobacco) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History (Tobacco) - Research Paper Example obacco growing would be embraced by so many people in Virginia that it became one of the most important cash crop and export from Virginia, and eventually becoming a dominant force in the economical and social structure in the region (Davies, 2015). Robert Adams, Captain of the Elizabeth transported Rolfe’s tobacco samples to England on 20th of July 1613.Even though Rolfe’s initial tobacco was regarded by the British to be of â€Å"excellent quality† all the same, it was not as good as the Spanish one. However, Rolfe was of the opinion that its quality would improve after some more expense and try all in the curing, it would definitely be comparable to the best product West Indies could offer. Rolfe was proved right when 20,000 pounds of tobacco from Virginia were shipped in 1617 to England with that quantity doubling in 1618 (Wertenbaker, 2009). It is these tobacco experiments performed successfully by Rolfe that inspired others to start planting tobacco in the vacant land in Jamestown as well as settlements alongside River James. General planting initially started at West as well as Shirley hundreds; moving eastwards to Point Comfort alongside a one hundred and forty mile stretch of River James. In spite of the 1622 Indian uprising that led to the killing of around 350 colonists together with the destruction of numerous plantations, the crop of the settlers produced sixty thousand pounds. The British afterwards in the 1620s took control over of cleared Indian plantations and spread tobacco growing even more by making use of the headright system, whereby farmers paid to ferry people across the Atlantic for 50 acres of land. By 1629, cultivation of the Accomac peninsula started in earnest when a sum of two thousand acres of tobacco was cultivated there (Wertenbaker, 2009). At around the same period, the uneconomical practice of cultivating 3 to 4 tobacco crops within the same field started to exhaust the soil nutrients around and within Jamestown. In 1632, a

E-Business Resit Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E-Business Resit Coursework - Essay Example The adoption of e–business is not restricted to any particular industry or particular company. From high tech aerospace industry to the farming industry, several companies of various sizes are conducting e–business activities at present. The paper will analyze the impact of internet and other digital technology in the supply chain process of retail industry (Jorge, 2008). The company chosen for retail industry is Topshop, a retail apparel company of the UK. It is a brand of Arcadia Group, a retailing giant of the UK. Topshop had earned its uniqueness through its own marketing strategies, retailing methods and online businesses (Topshop, n.d.). Impact of Internet on Supply Chain Process The impact of internet and digital technology in the market and within the general business performances are significant. In retail industry of the UK, the direct business system through internet had been applied by many companies. With regard to Topshop, it allows customers to choose any product through website and sell products without heavily depending on third–party distributors. The e– business of Topshop also assures convenience and cost cutback (Levi & Et. Al., 2004). A retail company such a Topshop is very successful in developing internet business model that let it to increase revenue radically and capture the market. According to Topshop, it sold almost 30 brace of knickers per minute, 500 brace of legging per hour and 6000 brace of jeans per day in the year 2006. The internet acts as a driver for business alteration (Rushton, 2007). The supply chain process is often viewed as a tactical asset as it has the strength to make a difference and develop sustainable advantage in the competitive economy. Presently, several new business enterprises had appeared to have complete advantage of the e–business e.g. ‘drop shipping’ which had rapidly gained reputation among retailers. In this system, an e–tailor takes order for pr oduct and provides the producer or distributor opportunity to send the product to the purchaser. In this system, the e–tailor does not possess any stock. Through the alteration of conventional supply chain process, the ‘drop shipping’ system helps to transfer the inventory management related difficulties to the producers (Feng, 2008). Impact of Internet on Retail Sector The retail industry had reacted lately to the competition from e–business environment and to identify the prospects offered by the internet. In recent times, the scene has changed, as many retail companies such as Topshop had introduced internet shopping to their offerings. Topshop knows the benefit they can have by entering into e-business. TopShop has its own virtual trade store and it services the products by its existing storehouse and supply chain network. High quantity products, whose demand is balanced with the supply on the basis of long-term estimation, are stocked in stores. In ca se of low quantity products, the storing is done centrally for the purpose of internet marketing. The products which are purchased online have high volatility of demand, thus the centralised stocking helps to

Inherent Difference Between US GAAP and IFRS on Revenue Recognition Case Study

Inherent Difference Between US GAAP and IFRS on Revenue Recognition - Case Study Example In case either requirement fails, the seller must defer revenue recognition, and accounting guidance provides special procedures for single arrangements that contains multiple deliverables and for long-term contracts (Gill, 2007). US GAAP on Revenue Recognition A firm’s gross accounts receivable reflects the amounts customers have promised to pay, and balance sheet displays these receivables net of estimated uncollectible accounts (Gill, 2007). When the seller decides that receivables have become uncollectible, it writes off the receivable because of their significant for analyzing liquidity and profitability; thus, accounts receivable are an input to several ratios used by financial analysis. Therefore, revenue recognition under the GAAP state that the seller recognizes revenue only when the transaction meets the following conditions: Stickney, Weil and Schipper (2009) indicate that the seller is purposed to earn recognized revenue, meaning that the seller has substantially a ccomplished what he or she has promised the customer. In addition, the revenue is realized or realizable, meaning that the seller has received cash or same asset that she or he can convert into cash. Meanwhile, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of the United States has issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104 (SAB) that summarizes the following four conditions for revenue recognition (Walton, 2009). 1. There exist influential proof of an arrangement exists. 2. Delivery of the service has been settled. 3. The seller’s maintain constant price of the price to the buyer. 4. It is certain that the seller can measure the amount of revenue and is reasonably certain to collect it. According to Stickney, Weil and Schipper (2009), Conditions 2, 3, 4 of SAB 104 are similar to the two conditions stated in the concepts statement 5 of SAB 104 that requires persuasive evidence that the seller has an arrangement with customer in the form of a contract, or prior business dealings p ractices. The arrangement states the responsibilities of the seller and its customers with respect to the nature and delivery of goods or services, the risks assumed by buyer and seller, the timing of cash payments, and similar factors. IFRS ON Revenue Recognition According to Tarantino and Cernauskas (2009), the IFRS distinguishes between revenue from sales of goods and revenue from sales of services with regard to sales of goods. The IFRS specifies five conditions for recognizing revenue: conditions 1 and 2 apply only to the sale of goods. 1. The seller has passed risk over to the buyer in order to evaluate the significant risks and rewards of ownerships of the goods. 2. The seller has not maintained either efficient control or the kind of involvement that is associated with ownership. 3. The total of income can be measured consistently. 4. It is probable that the seller will obtain the monetary remuneration related with the transaction. 5. The costs obtained from the sellers can be calculated reliably. With regard to services, IFRS specifies conditions 3, 4 and 5 plus one additional; that is, the stage of completion of the transaction at the end of the reporting period can be measured reliably (Gill, 2007).

The Ethical Aspects Of The Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ethical Aspects Of The Engineering - Essay Example This will mean that I need to keep abreast of the technicalities that keep on changing with the passage of time, and the trivial issues that even though are not very useful to know but finding information about them is not a bad thing after all. This is one of the significant elements of my understanding as far as the engineering discipline is concerned, and how I need to move ahead with the changing time dimensions (Kettunen, 2000). Similarly, I must also be well-equipped of the diverse fields of health and safety, because they play a dire role in educating the people regarding the engineering aspects. The environment-related premise is also fundamental towards knowing where and how changes need to be brought in and how these could be resolved to achieve an amicable result all the same. In the same vein, I must also be well-informed of the various legalities that bring a form of genuineness to the whole dynamics of engineering and how electrical engineering is covered from a number of different angles. I believe knowing all these aspects is of immense importance for me because these will help me to grow and develop my means beyond a certain level. What is even more significant is my understanding of the attached links that come in close association with the field of engineering and how engineers at large are provided benefits by the different rules and policies. Since the field of electrical engineering is closely related to risk, identifying the same will only help the engineer to grow beyond a certain level (Johnson, 2004). This will be the basis of his eventual development within the field of electrical engineering. I am sure that if I commit myself wholeheartedly towards this task, much success will come about in the coming times. If I am aware of the looming dangers that haunt my understanding of the engineering field, I will be at par with the very best in this business. This will make me feel at ease with the dangers that haunt the electrical engineers on a consistent basis. Also, it will allow me to inculcate similar measures to the people who are around me or who work along with me. This will make me feel content with what I am doing professionally and how I am growing up and advancing beyond certain means. The professional world of engineering is indeed a very exciting one as has been proven with due research and evidence of study basis. The ethical documentation of an engineer is all the more pertinent to understand since he has to go through the human interaction basis within his work tasks that make him stay one step ahead of his processes at all times. This is indicative of how well he comprehends the nuances of work and what kind of challenges he has to face on a proactively consistent basis. What is even more interesting to note is the fact that engineering in itself is such a platform from where many success areas can be tapped, and more so when the discussion centers on the premise of bringing about development within t he human interactions with gadgets, electrical appliances and so on. What this suggests is an understanding of many different things, and not just which focus on electrical engineering realms alone.

Dual Agency and Ethics Conflicts in Correctional Practice Essay

Dual Agency and Ethics Conflicts in Correctional Practice - Essay Example An overlap in the normative framework of offender rehabilitation and punishment develops a unique collection of ethical dilemmas for the practicing persons (Cervantes and Hanson, 2013). The roles of corrections professionals in prisons have changed to reflect a prevailing ideology within the correctional administration which is taken to deemphasize on treatment while emphasizing on custodial concerns and security. Consequently, these professionals experience unique professional and ethical conflicts, dilemmas. Among these conflicts are integrity, inmate custody, security, objectivity, honesty, documentation and decision making. As a manager I developed a six-step policy that controlled the identified dilemmas among others to provide guidelines and address the possible conflicts for the practitioners under my supervision. This was aimed to eliminate vague standards and possible misinformation by the practitioners. The approach below solves the dilemmas and improves the service deliver y to incarcerated individuals (Wilson, 2010). The six identified steps were, identify, analyze, report, discuss, action, follow-up. Under the identification step, the practitioners are entitled to point out the challenges that will build the chances of a conflict within themselves, peers, or with their clients, inmates. There are situation where interests may collide within cases handled by different practitioners in a correction facility, they are supposed to document it in detail to avoid delay in service delivery or injustices that may compromise integrity. The situation is analyzed to check whether it can be solved at this level before escalating it to the next level in management. If it is not possible to clear it here, it is moved to the next phase within the policy, reporting, where it is tabled to the management. From here, the involved corrections professionals delve into the matter in an attempt to eliminate the issue in dilemma. When a consensus is reached,

In the Cloud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

In the Cloud - Essay Example A number of options are available for individual use such as Dropbox, which is until to date the best cloud storage option at no charge available. Another option is the windows Skydrive, which offers a great option for people with lot of small files to share (Kunal, 2010). Both options are worth using as they provide a variety of features that suit individual needs. Cloud computing has gained popularity so easily amongst public, private and hybrid users due to its capabilities and efficiency it offers. Compared to traditional databases, cloud computing has proved more capabilities and efficiency, hence rapid growth and acceptance. Cloud focus is to maximize the effectiveness of shared resources. It saves money and time making business more responsive to the needs of clients. There is a large variety of options to access internet like Ipads, mobile phones, and Netbooks hence greater efficiency and improved service to customers (Kunal, 2010). Cloud software is cheap compared to traditional database software. Among other benefits associated with cloud and storage are; ease in collaboration, universal access, pooling of resources and energy efficiency. With cloud computing, doing business becomes easier for both managers and employees since clients accounts are accessible from anywhere (Kunal,

Australian development in accordance to Indigenous Rights Essay Example for Free

Australian development in accordance to Indigenous Rights Essay In most practical ways, Australia is an egalitarian society. This does not mean that everyone is the same or that everybody has equal wealth or property, just that we accept all. As a country, Australia aims for the equality of all citizens; Indigenous, European and other, however these were not always the intentions of White Settlement, on the land we call home. European settlement had a severe and devastating impact on Indigenous people. Indigenous people called Australia home many hundreds of thousands of years before White Settlement came. Sadly, including the fact that the Europeans were intruding and taking over land that was not their own, the Indigenous Australians still fell victims of the invasion and sadly became slaves on their own soil. Not only did the European Australians discriminate against the Indigenous Australians; they murdered them too. In the 1800s two years after the British flag was raised in Van Diemans Land, settlers were authorised to shoot Indigenous Australians. The displacement of Aboriginal peoples from their land resulted in a drastic decline in their population. While many Aboriginal people were killed in violent clashes over the rights to settle on the land, a vast number also died from malnourishment. But the European settlers did not stop there. From about 1910 until at least 1970, the intention of governments and Aboriginal welfare officials was to assimilate them into white society and, by controlling who they associated with and married, to eventually ‘breed out the colour’ and thus rid Australia of its Indigenous people. One of the ways they tried to achieve this was through The Stolen Generation. Children were removed to separate them permanently from the rest of their race and around 100,00 children were taken from their families. Ronald Wilson and Mick Dodson, the commission’s chairman and social justice commissioner, declared: Nationally we can conclude with confidence that between one in three and one in ten Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families and communities in the period from approximately 1910 until 1970. Up until a certain point in history, Australians didnt even believe that the Stolen Generation occurred and continued to ignore the rights of Indigenous Australians. However, Australia has in fact realized that these events against the Indigenous people of our land were wrong, and should never be repeated, and since then action has taken place. In 1997, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission made the most notorious accusation ever directed by a government body against Australia. It accused this country of committing genocide against the Aborigines by stealing their children. Australia has tried to make progress since acknowledging these wrongs. The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962 entitled all Indigenous Australians to enrol and vote in Commonwealth elections. The 1967 Referendum allowed the Aboriginals to become part of the Commonwealth and removed part of the Parliament statement that discriminated against the Indigenous, allowing them to not make special rules. As a result the Indigenous Australians now have more equality in terms of the laws within Australia and the Constitution. The Redfern Address in December 1992 by Prime Minister Paul Keating was another step forward for Australia and Indigenous Rights. Keating truly connected with Indigenous Australians, making a speech to the Indigenous community of Redfern, NSW, openly and boldly admitting that Australia was to blame for the suffering of Indigenous Australians. He acknowledged on behalf of the country, the responsibility for the injustices done to Australias indigenous peoples. Additionally, February the 14th 2008 saw an incredible event in history for the development of Australia as a country, in accordance to Aboriginal rights, as well as being a huge importance to the Indigenous people. In Parliament, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd officially offered a broad apology to all Aborigines and the Stolen Generations for their profound grief, suffering and loss. He said there came a time in history when people had to reconcile the past with their future, and that as a country we apologize. Since recognizing the wrongs of our country, Australia has developed in accordance to Indigenous Rights. Indigenous Australians hold the status of original peoples of this land. By the Australian Government, laws now state that Indigenous Australians have the rights to: A distinct status and culture, which helps maintain and strengthen the identity and spiritual and cultural practices of Indigenous communities, The right to self-determination, which is a process where Indigenous communities take control of their future and decide how they will address the issues facing them, and The right to land, which provides the spiritual and cultural basis of Indigenous communities. Although it is evident that Australia has moved forward as a country in terms of accepting and recognizing the rights of Indigenous Australians, we do have room to move even more forward. Australia still has room for improvement and further development- we are not fully satisfied and have not yet fully achieved development when it comes to Indigenous Australians. From the time they first arrived in Australia, the white settlers had attempted to civilise the Aboriginal people. The impact of the white settlers changed their lives, and the lives of future generations, forever. The drastic effects we had on Indigenous Australians are still there. And even though Australia now accepts Indigenous people as equal citizens, they still appear to be underdeveloped. The intervention was wrong in the first place, because there was no negotiation and understanding towards the Indigenous culture. However it is too late now to walk away, attempting to create peace when harm has been done. Australia should assist in areas of Indigenous welfare, education and health, and should also continue educate white Australians to maintain a deep respect towards the Aboriginal culture, the original owners of our land.

The mysterious goings on surrounding Dr Jekyll and the evil Mr Hyde Essay Example for Free

The mysterious goings on surrounding Dr Jekyll and the evil Mr Hyde Essay Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is set in Victorian times, where the well-respected lawyer Utterson investigates the mysterious goings on surrounding his good friend Dr Jekyll and the evil Mr Hyde. The book was written in 1886 and therefore contains many theories around in Victorian times such as physiognomy. This is when people believed physical appearance could define a criminal type character. This is evident throughout the book due to the description of Hyde and also of more civilised characters. The idea of original sin is perhaps watered down in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by introducing the idea of drugs to bring out evil characteristics in one person. The setting of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is set in Victorian London. Stevenson uses clear descriptions of misty nights and a night under the face of the fogged city moon, which give an impression of evil and mystery to the story long before it has truly begun. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is at one point mentioned as very cool and a little damp, and full of premature twilight. This is a first hand example of the split personality coming through, the darkness showing through too early, damp, a total opposite to the respectable setting of Victorian London. Many people in Victorian times believed in the theory of physiognomy, however, Golding also makes some symbolic use of appearances. In Lord of the Flies Jack and Ralph first met when the conch is blown. Jack leading the choir is described as tall, thin and bony: his hair was red His face was crumpled and freckled, and ugly without silliness this gives the idea that Jack looks evil. His red hair and black overalls can be associated with the colour of the devil and the colour of death / destructions. The use of physiognomy in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is very obvious, especially in the descriptions of Hyde. Many different characters give across description of Hyde as a little man who was stumping along and to further demonstrate Hyde as an evil character, he is often described using reference to animals, as in the line Hyde shrank back with a hissing intake of breath. Although often Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde seems to be a light-hearted tale of mystery and intrigue, Stevenson takes great pains to show that the evil Mr. Hyde is very deadly. There is certainly nothing comical about the trampling of the little girl on the street corner. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde does not use much biblical reference, although very much like Adam Eve who ate the forbidden fruit to gain knowledge, Lanyons desire for knowledge used his hardship resulting in his death, that I must die and yet I shall die incredulous. Stevenson also did not introduce much allegory although the themes portrayed in the novel can be related to modern times. The obvious parallel to issues nowadays is the use of drugs. Stevenson uses the drugs to all Dr Jekyll to change into Mr Hyde, and his dependency on Hyde may be compared to a drug addiction. The line I could stop whenever I want is used in Jekylls defence but in reality (like many addicts) they are not in control. The elements of symbolism in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde also seem to be much smaller than in Lord of the Flies. The home and laboratory of Dr Jekyll are on opposite sides of the spectrum. His home is seen as respectable and upright. This is shown in the lines the hall, when they entered it, was brightly lighted up; the fire was built high. His laboratory in comparison is described to be rundown and filthy. Both Dr Jekylls home and laboratory are joined together, but look like very separate buildings. This represents the characters of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, who stemmed from the same person but have completely different appearances. The windows to Dr Jekylls laboratory are enclosed with iron bars. These bars mean Jekyll is literally and symbolically imprisoned. The iron bars literally enclose the windows and the Victorian community confine Dr Jekyll to only revealing his respectable side. Yet Stevensons story doesnt have a happy ending. Jekyll is able to admit that after a few months of experimenting with Hyde, eventually the little mans demands became increasingly extreme, seeking more and more power. Soon Jekyll has no control over Hyde, who appears by himself whenever Jekyll dozes off to sleep. He admits, I was slowly losing hold of my original and better self, and becoming slowly incorporated with my second and worse. Finally Hyde causes Jekyll to commit the ultimate act of self-destruction: suicide. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde contains both the 1st and 3rd person, which gives both an overview of events and more in-depth personal thoughts into the main story. The two types are narration are shown in the overall narration of the story which is in 3rd person, and in Lanyon and Jekylls letters, where the type of narration turns to 1st person, I saw what I saw, I heard what I heard. The use of two types of narration could be related to their being two characters who were at one time connected (Jekyll and Hyde). Both books have major relevance in contemporary times, and can be linked to recent events. Similar to Lord of the Flies and the actions of the boys, in the news lately stories have been published about young boys brutally murdering others. A prime example is the Jamie Bulgar case where two young boys murdered a two year old. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, can be related to scientific attempts, such as cloning and genetic engineering, as they have yet unknown consequences, just as Dr Jekyll did not understand how the drugs he took would affect him. Also hypocrisy is a part of contemporary life. Many people behave in one way in public but another elsewhere. This is also brought out in the novel as Dr Jekyll was forced by civilisation to act differently in public and this caused him to experiment with drugs, (therefore separating his two sides making it easy to act respectively at all times. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Lord of the flies have similar themes although written in two largely different times. They also relate closely to current themes suggesting that some ideas are consistent over time. The themes of good and evil and the relation to original sin are demonstrated within both novels suggesting that each individual has the opportunity to be both good and evil. This is best in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde as the same person splits his personalities, which allows it to be both good and fully evil at different times. In Lord of the Flies this is shown in a different way, by using children as the main characters. In this way, it uses the readers preconception that children are innocent and are not born evil, but can become so.

Impact And Cultural Dimensions Of Globalisation

Impact And Cultural Dimensions Of Globalisation There are both winners and losers associated with globalisation, however what exactly is globalisation and how can it be defined? Daniels et al. Defines the term globalisation as follows: A contested term relating to the transformation of spatial relations that involves a change in the relationship between space, economy and society.  [1]  There are a few key dimensions connected to globalisation, these are economical, political, social, cultural and environmental. This paper will argue that there are some positives linked to globalisation, however many people are still worse off and suffer as a result of this phenomenon. There are some general winners as a result of globalisation: the highly skilled and educated, large firms, global markets, men, or any people with assets. Then there are the losers of globalisation: the workers, women and children, local communities, the uneducated, people without skills, the environment and small firms. For globalisation to work inequality must be decreased in order to close the gap between the rich and poor countries. Transnational and Multinational Corporations are those corporations which have headquarters in a certain country (mainly in a global city) and operate in several other countries around the world. They have been the central players in the evolution of globalisation since the Second World War. These have continued to become some of the most powerful economic and political entities in the world today. The corporations can influence globalisation greatly and bring wealth to developed countries. Many of the larger Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have a higher turnover than the majority of the worlds countries. For example, the combined revenues of General Motors and Ford alone, the two largest automobile corporations in the world, exceed the combined Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for all of sub-Saharan Africa.  [2]   Economic globalisation refers to increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross border movement of goods, service, technology and capital.  [3]  Capitalism drives globalisation in this present era and will continue to do so with the markets opening up and becoming neo-liberal. Whilst economic globalisation has been occurring over several thousands of years, recently it has expanded rapidly with the increasing improvements in technology, transportation and free trade. This recent growth has occurred mainly because of developed countries integrating with less developed countries, by means of foreign direct investment (FDI), the reduction of trade barriers and the modernisation of these developing cultures. Countries involved in trade liberalisation benefit from an increase in living standards, increased incomes, and higher rates of economic growth. For economies to grow, TNCs need to generate profit and expand globally. They achieve this by moving their production line to less developed countries in order to decrease production costs and increase profit. The winners of this process are the major corporations (Nike, Gap, Tommy Hilfiger, etc.) whose products are made at a minimal cost, thus generating increased amounts of profit allowing them to globalise their business and become wealthier. TNCs have been heavily criticised, however they have invested in developing countries and by doing this, have managed to raise the living standards. Despite the western view that sweatshops are unethical, the labourers who work in them are often benefiting greatly. Many economists whose studies are directly related to sweatshops find that after controlling for other factors, multinational firms pay higher wages than domestic firms in Third World countries.  [4]  Many citizens in developing countries are unqualified or uneducated, thus making it extremely difficult for them to find employment by being unqualified. Feenstra and Hanson (1997) find that multinational firms improve the lives of workers by increasing the demand for labour.  [5]  This indicates that unqualified citizens still have a chance of employment and receiving an above average income. The apparel industry has drawn most attention in the press for its use of sweatshop labour. Evidently, the apparel wages are l ow by Western country standards however, these wages compare favourably with the average standard of living within these countries. For example, in Honduras, the site of the famous Kathy Lee Gifford sweatshop scandal, the average apparel worker earns, $13.10 per day, yet 44% of the countrys population lives on less than $2 per day.  [6]  Evidently, sweatshops do play a major role in developing countries, however there still are some negatives surrounding them. The negative associations with globalisation cannot be overlooked. The losers of this process are the workers who work increased hours, earn little income, along with poor living and working standards. Even though sweatshops produce a reasonable, above average income for its workers, they usually work in dirty polluted factories which may have a negative effect on the worker and may decrease their life span. For example, Tommy Hilfiger a world renowned brand has set up sweatshops in developing countries, where products are made at a minimal cost and sold in developed countries at a high cost, producing major profits which return to the specific TNC headquarters, thus the developing countries economy does not benefit greatly. This in turn leads to an increase in inequality between the rich and the poor. As a result of sweatshops, citizens in the developing world may suffer as well. When these major corporations move their production line to reduce costs they leave several thousands of local citizens unemployed, which may lead to them relying on welfare. They may also substitute humans with labour saving technologies which will also increase unemployment levels. This can continue to lead to issues such as a loss of tax revenue which may be detrimental to the home country and halt them from moving forward. An additional loser in this process can be the consumer who purchases these products which can be described as being highly overpriced. Another significant and often overlooked loser from economic globalisation is the environment. Major corporations decreases in environmental integrity as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulatory rules in developing countries. For example, human systems are depleting resources and degrading the environment at unprecedented rates, such as mining companies clearing land for production causing deforestation and pollution. There are many more examples of environmental degradation such as urbanization of productive land; water logging and salinization of soil; soil erosion; deforestation; ground water depletion; ozone depletion; pollution; and climate change to name a few. These are all issues which are currently being seen through media sources. Such as the BP oil spill which has been graded the biggest environmental disaster in the US history, The oil rig, about 40 miles (64km) off the coast of Louisiana, sank two days later, gushing an estimated 12,000 to 19,000 barrels of crude oil a day into the Gulf of Mexico.  [7]  This appears to be a prime example of environmental degradation. This disaster has continuing effects on the environment and economy such as killing wildlife and habitat, and effecting tourism on this part of the coast. Ms Wickman, owner of the Treasure Trove gift shop that occupies an 18th century church, one of Alabamas oldest buildings, estimates that her business has dropped by half since news of the April 20 explosion that destroyed an oil rig under contract with BP.  [8]  Due to the interconnectedness of globalisation when this disaster occurred all the oil prices around the world fluctuated and were unstable at the time. Some countries may suffer from the resource curse. A prime example of the resource curse is Nigeria, a country rich in land, but poor in population. Despite its large earning from oil, 70% of its estimated 140 million people live below the poverty line.  [9]  About 95 percent of Nigerias revenue is generated by oil and gas, resulting in billions of dollars in state funds every year, though much of the country remains impoverished and underdeveloped this is mainly due to a high level of corruption in its government.  [10]  These can lead to much greater issues within developing countries such as an increase in the chances of civil war within developing countries and open war between developing countries as they fight for resources. In conclusion, there are evidently positive impacts which have occurred as a part of the globalisation phenomenon. It has contributed to increased job opportunities for uneducated or unqualified citizens, has increased economic growth for developed countries through transnational and multinational corporations, and increased living standards due to trade liberalisation. Even though there are some negatives associated with globalisation such as increasing the gap between the rich and poor, exploiting labourers, along with having environmental impacts, globalisation has still continued to have many great benefits on the world. It is unreasonable to predict that globalisation will encourage equality around the world; there will always be winners and losers, regardless.

Marriage Without Love in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay -- Henri

Marriage Without Love in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House In his play, 'A Doll?s House,' Henrik Ibsen shows a marriage built only on appearances, and not love. Both Nora the wife, and Torvald the husband, pretend they are in love throughout the story. However, love should be patient and kind, and their love is anything but that. Nora treats her husband as a father figure. Her feelings towards Torvald are more about dependence than love. Torvald treats Nora like a child or a pet. He gets very angry and frustrated with Nora, and he does not truly love her. True love is perfect, not angry, controlling, and dependent as Nora and Torvald are to each other. Throughout the story, Torvald is constantly angry with Nora. He also tries to control everything she does. At the beginning of the story, Torvald accuses Nora of eating sweets. He says to her, ' Surely my sweet tooth hasn't been running riot in town today has she?'(Ibsen 874). He continues to pester her after she denies it several times. Later on Nora tells Kristine, . Torvald had forbidden them. You see, he?s worried they?ll ruin my teeth?(Ibsen 883). If Torvald really loved Nora, he would not care about petty things like that. If he truly loved her, he would not care if her teeth were ruined. He likes Nora for her looks and beauty, not her personality or character. Not only is he controlling of Nora, but also very angry towards her. When he finds out about her taking out a loan to save his life, he explodes on her. Torvald says to her, ? Oh what an awful awakening! In all these eight years- she who was my pride and joy ? a hypocrite, a liar ? Worse, worse ? a criminal?(Ibsen 916). Torvald does not truly love Nora if he can speak to her that way. Even after he say... ...t based on true love. Bibliography: Works Cited Gosse, Edmund. ?Ibsen?s Social Dramas.? The Fortnightly Review (January 1, 1889): 107-21. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism 37. Eds. Kepos. Detroit: Gale, 1991. 220-221. Isben, Henrik. ?A Doll?s House.? Making Literature Matter. Eds. John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin?s, 2000. 872-921. Salome, Lou. ?Ibsen?s Heroines.? Black Swan Books (1985) 42-55 Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism 37. Eds. Kepos. Detroit: Gale, 1991. 226-231. Scott, Clement. ?Review of a Doll?s House.? The Theater (July 1889): 19-22 Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism 37. Eds. Kepos. Detroit: Gale, 1991. 221-222. Shaw, Bernard. ?The Quintessence of Ibsenism.? B.R. Tucker (1891): 82-86 Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism 37. Eds. Kepos. Detroit: Gale, 1991. 225-226.

Prescription Discrimination :: Birth Control Drugs Medicine Essays

Prescription Discrimination Imagine this, you an eighteen year girl old who has decided to become sexually active with your long term boyfriend. This raises a lot of issues for you. While you are interested in beginning oral contraception you are not comfortable talking to your parents about sex. Even if you could talk to them, the chances they would pay for your birth control are slim to none. You do work but $30 a month for the pill on top of the cost of condoms takes up a large portion of your pay check. Do you decide to wait to be sexually active or do you take your chances? Consider a different scenario, you a married woman in your late thirties, with two children, who receives financial support from the state. Every month poses a new struggle when trying to pay the bills. On top of food, utilities, gas and the high cost of raising two children you do not have room for the cost of birth control. Although you love your children, you simply cannot afford to have another under any circumstances. Do you refrain from having sex with your husband or do you takes your chances? According to the Planned Parenthood web site, â€Å"approximately 70,000 unintended pregnancies occur in Massachusetts each year,† this makes it apparent that more women are choosing to take their chances over abstinence. For decades women have fought for equal rights in this country and countries all over the world. They have fought a tough fight and have come a long way. This makes a blatant message of sexual discrimination all the more outrageous in this day and age. The message is unequal health insurance coverage for women and even in the year 2003 it continues to be a serious issue. Woman nationwide are faced with a choice to either pay high prices for oral contraceptives or take a risk and go without them. On the contrary men are totally supported when looking for coverage of the newly popularized Viagra pill. Viagra is a new creation, which helps older men achieve and maintain an erection. Most insurance plans cover the cost of this drug. While men are covered on a drug that’s sole purpose is to enhance sexual pleasure, woman are unable to find coverage of a drug that necessary to not only avoid pregnancy but relieve menstrual cramping, clear up skin break outs, and regulate menstrual cycles.

Mystery and Suspense in Sir Arthur Conan Doyles Literature :: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literature Essays

Mystery and Suspense in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Literature In this essay, I will compare and analyse how Sir Arthur Conan Doyle creates mystery and suspense in three short stories. In retrospect, mystery and suspense go together. If one of the two is present in a story, so is another. Both of these elements are evident in the three short stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. I intend to go into the intriguing world of this master of mystery and explore the methods used by the writer. I aim to analyze the stories and highlight common traits in the way in which he creates mystery and suspense. In order to fully grasp the essence of the stories, we must first know some background information about the writer and the period in which the characters involved in the stories lived. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle studied medicine in Edinburgh and graduated in 1881. He set up practice soon afterwards but unfortunately his patients were far and few between. He then turned to writing. In the duration of his stay in Edinburgh, he met Joseph Bell who was a professor at the University that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle attended. Bell had an intriguing hobby of deducing people's characters from their appearance. Bell became the model for the protagonist of the Sherlock Holmes stories, which were introduced in 1887. In these stories, Doyle portrays himself as Dr. Watson, a friend of Holmes who spends a great amount of time with him. The story of "The Engineer's Thumb'; starts in a way that is typical of many of the Sherlock Holmes stories. Dr Watson is recalling one of the numerous mysteries that he and his friend have solved and he explains which story he is going to tell and why he is going to tell the story. By telling us the reasons for telling the story, the author is provoking the interest of the reader. He also makes the story seem realistic thus gaining the readers belief, which is vital in a story because people prefer not to read stories that develop no sense of credibility. The reader feels that they must read on and find out more about the details offered by the writer. This method is simultaneously setting the story whilst gaining the reader's attention. Another way he builds of the inquisitiveness of the reader is by showing the impacts of the event such as "The Engineers Thumb'; and where he states the effect the case made on him.

English Renaissance Drama Essay

English Renaissance drama grew out of the established Medieval tradition of the mystery and morality plays. These public spectacles focused on religious subjects and were generally enacted by either choristers and monks, or a town’s tradesmen (as later seen lovingly memorialized by Shakespeare’s ‘mechanicals’ in A Midsummer Night’s Dream). At the end of the fifteenth century, a new type of play appeared. These short plays and revels were performed at noble households and at court, especially at holiday times. These short entertainments, called â€Å"Interludes†, started the move away from the didactic nature of the earlier plays toward purely secular plays, and often added more comedy than was present in the medieval predecessors. Since most of these holiday revels were not documented and play texts have disappeared and been destroyed, the actual dating of the transition is difficult. The first extant purely secular play, Henry Medwall’s Fulgens and Lucres, was performed at the household of Cardinal Morton, where the young Thomas More was serving as a page. Early Tudor interludes soon grew more elaborate, incorporating music and dance, and some, especially those by John Heywood, were heavily influenced by French farce. Not only were plays shifting emphasis from teaching to entertaining, they were also slowly changing focus from the religious towards the political. John Skelton’s Magnyfycence (1515), for example, while on the face of it resembling the medieval allegory plays with its characters of Virtues and Vices, was a political satire against Cardinal Wolsey. Magnyfycence was so incendiary that Skelton had to move into the sanctuary of Westminster to escape the wrath of Wolsey. The first history plays were written in the 1530’s, the most notable of which was John Bale’s King Johan. While it considered matters of morality and religion, these were handled in the light of the Reformation. These plays set the precedent of presenting history in the dramatic medium and laid the foundation for what would later be elevated by Marlowe and Shakespeare into the English History Play, or Chronicle Play, in the latter part of the century. Not only was the Reformation taking hold in England, but the winds of Classical Humanism were sweeping in from the Continent. Interest grew in the classics and the plays of classical antiquity, especially in the universities. Latin texts were being â€Å"Englysshed† and latin poetry and plays began to be adapted into English plays. In 1553, a schoolmaster named Nicholas Udall wrote an English comedy titled â€Å"Ralph Roister Doister† based on the traditional Latin comedies of Plautus and Terence. The play was the first to introduce the Latin character type miles gloriosus (â€Å"braggart soldier†) into English plays, honed to perfection later by Shakespeare in the character of Falstaff. Around the same time at Cambridge, the comedy â€Å"Gammer Gurton’s Needle†, possibly by William Stevens of Christ’s College, was amusing the students. It paid closer attention to the structure of the Latin plays and was the first to adopt the five-act division. Writers were also developing English tragedies for the first time, influenced by Greek and Latin writers. Among the first forays into English tragedy were Richard Edwards’ Damon and Pythias (1564) and John Pickering’s New Interlude of Vice Containing the History of Horestes (1567). The most influential writer of classical tragedies, however, was the Roman playwright Seneca, whose works were translated into English by Jasper Heywood, son of playwright John Heywood, in 1589. Seneca’s plays incorporated rhetorical speeches, blood and violence, and often ghosts; components which were to figure prominently in both Elizabethan and Jacobean drama. The first prominent English tragedy in the Senecan mould was Gorboduc (1561), written by two lawyers, Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton, at the Inns of Court (schools of law). Apart from following Senecan conventions and structure, the play is most important as the first English play to be in blank verse. Blank verse, non-rhyming lines in iambic pentameter, was introduced into English literature by sonneteers Wyatt and Surrey in the 1530’s. Its use in a work of dramatic literature paved the way for â€Å"Marlowe’s mighty line† and the exquisite poetry of Shakespeare’s dramatic verse. With a new ruler on the throne, Queen Elizabeth I, who enjoyed and encouraged the theatrical arts, the stage was set for the body of dramatic  literature we today call Elizabethan Drama. The Social and Political Climate In 1600, the city of London had a population of 245,000 people, twice the size of Paris or Amsterdam. Playwriting was the least personal form of writing, but clearly the most profitable for literary men since the demand was so great: 15,000 people attended the playhouses weekly. What is often exploited in the plays is the tension between a Court culture and a commercial culture, which in turn reflected the tension between the City government and the Crown. The period from 1576 (date of the first public theatre in London) to 1642 (date that the Puritans closed the theatres) is unparalleled in its output and quality of literature in English. The monarchy rested on two claims: that it was of divine origin and that it governed by consent of the people. The period was one of great transition. This period of history is generally regarded as the English Renaissance, which took place approximately 100 years later than on the continent. The period also coincides with the Reformation, and the two eras are of course mutually related. Imposed upon the Elizabethans was a social hierarchy of order and degree—very much medieval concepts that existed more in form than in substance. The society of Shakespeare’s time had in many ways broken free of these rigidities. It was not that people were rejecting the past; rather, a new more rigid order was replacing the old. This was set into motion during Henry VIII’s reign in the 1530s when he assumed more power than had hitherto been known to the monarchy. The Act of Supremacy of 1534 gave to Henry the power of the Church as well as temporal power. By Shakespeare’s time the state had asserted its right in attempting to gain authority in secular and spiritual matters alike. The so-called â€Å"Tudor myth† had sought to justify actions by the crown, and selections for the monarchy, as God-sanctioned: to thwart those decisions was to sin, because these people were selected by God. The population of the City quadrupled from Henry VIII’s reign to the end of Shakespeare’s life (1616), thus adding to the necessity for civil control and law. The dissolution of the monasteries had caused much civil unrest, and the dispossessed monks and nuns had been forced to enter the work force. Thus the employment, or unemployment, problem was severe. Puritanism, which first emerged early in Elizabeth’s reign, was a minority force of churchmen, Members of Parliament, and others who felt that the Anglican Reformation had stopped short of its goal. Puritans used the Bible as a guide to conduct, not simply to faith, but to political and social life, and since they could read it in their own language, it took on for them a greater importance than it had ever held. They stressed particularly the idea of remembering the Sabbath day. The conflict between the Puritans and the â€Å"players† of the theatre—who performed for the larger crowds that would turn out for productions on the Sabbath—was established early. The Elizabethan Worldview The English Renaissance began with the importation of Italian art and philosophy, Humanism, during the reign of Henry VIII. Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, imported and translated classical writings, such as Virgil’s Aeneid, the first English work to use Blank Verse. Surrey and Sir Thomas Wyatt in their sonnets also imitated classical writers such as Petrarch, and are credited as â€Å"Fathers of the English Sonnet.† While the â€Å"Great Chain of Being† (an idea suggested from antiquity; all that exists is in a created order, from the lowest possible grade to perfection, God Himself) was still asserted, the opposite, the reality of disorder, was just as prevalent. Not surprisingly, a favorite metaphor in Shakespeare’s works is the world upside down, much as Hamlet presents. The analogical mode was the prevailing intellectual concept for the era, which was inherited from the Middle Ages: the analogical habit of mind, with its correspondences, hierarchies, and microcosmic-macrocosmic relationships,  survived from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. Levels of existence, including human and cosmic, were habitually correlated, and correspondences and resemblances were perceived everywhere. Man was a mediator between himself and the universe. An â€Å"analogy of being† likened man to God; however, the Reformation sought to change this view, emphasizing man’s fallen nature and darkness of reason. The analogy can be seen in the London theatre, correlating the disparate planes of earth (the stage), hell (the cellarage), and heaven (the â€Å"heavens,† projecting above the top of the stage). Degree, priority, and place were afforded all elements, depending on their distance from perfection, God. Because he possessed both soul and body, man had a unique place in the chain—the extremes of human potential are everywhere evident in the drama of the English Renaissance. Natural degeneration, in contrast to our optimistic idea of progress, was everywhere in evidence too—the primitive Edenic â€Å"golden age† was irrecoverable, and the predicted end of the world was imminent. With changes in the ways that man looked at his universe, disturbing discoveries suggested mutability and corruption: the terrifying effect of new stars, comets, etc., added to a pessimism that anticipated signs of decay as apocalyptic portents of approaching universal dissolution. Hierarchically, the human soul was threefold: the highest, or rational soul, which man on earth possessed uniquely; the sensual, or appetitive soul, which man shared with lower animals; and the lowest, or vegetative (vegetable; nutritive) soul, concerned mainly with reproduction and growth. The soul was facilitated in its work by the body’s three main organs, liver, heart, and brain: the liver served the soul’s vegetal, the heart its vital, and the brain its animal faculties—motive, principal virtues, etc. Man himself was formed by a natural combination of the four elements: the dull elements of earth and water—both tending to fall to the center of the universe—and air and fire—both tending to rise. When the elements mixed they shaped man’s temperament. Each element possessed two of the four primary qualities which combined into a â€Å"humour† or human temperament: earth (cold and dry: melancholy), water (cold and moist: phlegmatic); air (hot and  moist: sanguine); fire (hot and dry: choleric). Like his soul and his humours, man’s body possessed cosmic affinities: the brain with the Moon; the liver with the planet Jupiter; the spleen with the planet Saturn. Assigned to each of the stars and the sphere of fixed stars was a hierarchy of incorporeal spirits, angels or daemons. On earth, the fallen angels and Satan, along with such occult forces as witches, continued to tempt man and lead him on to sin. Familiar to Shakespeare and his contemporaries were the Aristotelian four causes: the final cause, or purpose or end for which a change is made; the efficient cause, or that by which some change is made; the material cause, or that in which a change is made; and formal cause, or that into which something is changed. Renaissance concern with causation may be seen in Polonius’ laboring of the efficient â€Å"cause† of Hamlet’s madness, â€Å"For this effect defective comes by cause† (2.2.101-03). In the Aristotelian view, change involves a unity between potential matter and actualized form. Change is thus a process of becoming, affected by a cause which acts determinately towards a goal to produce a result. Implicit in the Elizabethan worldview was the Aristotelian idea of causation as encompassing potentiality and act, matter and mind. The London dramatist’s pre-Cartesian universe, indeed, tended to retain a sense of the purposefulness of natural objects and their place in the divine scheme. Towards the mid-seventeenth century a major cleft between the medieval-Renaissance world-view and the modern world view took place, effected by Renee Descartes (1596-1650). Cartesian dualism separated off mind from matter, and soul from body—not a new idea, but reformulated so that the theologians’ doctrines became the philosophers’; the problems of Predestination were suddenly the problems of Determinism. For Descartes, all nature was to be explained as either thought or extension; hence, the mind became a purely thinking substance, the body a soulless mechanical system. Descartes’ philosophy held that one can know only one’s  own clear and distinct ideas. Objects are important only insofar as man brings his own judgments to bear upon them. Cartesian skepticism and subjectivism led to the rejection of the previous centuries’ Aristotelian perspectives, as meaningless or obscure. According to Aristotle, to know the cause of things was to know their nature. For the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, objects influenced each other through mutual affinities and antipathies. Elizabethans accepted the correspondences of sympathies and antipathies in nature, including a homeopathic notion that â€Å"like cures like.† Well into the seventeenth century, alchemical, hermetical, astrological, and other pre-scientific beliefs continued to exert, even on the minds of distinguished scientists, a discernible influence. Concerned with the need to believe, in an age of incipient doubt, theatre audiences often witnessed in tragedies such struggles to sustain belief: Hamlet has a need to trust the Ghost; Lear has a wracked concern for heavenly powers; and Othello feels a desperate necessity to preserve his belief in Desdemona—†when I love thee not, / Chaos is come again† (3.3.92-3). For Othello and Lear, belief is sanity. Theologically, in the later sixteenth century, divine providence seemed increasingly to be questioned, or at least to be regarded as more bafflingly inscrutable. The medieval sense of security was in a process of transformation. Those changes coincided with such circumstances as the Renaissance revival of Epicureanism, which stressed the indifference of the powers above to man’s concerns. In its place was a special personal power, which was emphasized in the works of Machiavelli (1469-1527) and other Renaissance writers. Such changes in the relations of man and his deity inevitably provided a climate for tragedy, wherein both divine justice (as in King Lear) and meaningful action (as in Hamlet) seemed equally unattainable. Lear appears to question the forces above man’s life, and Hamlet the powers beyond his death. Hamlet’s task is further complicated, for example, by his meaningless  quest for action—from a Reformation standpoint—of works toward salvation. The path to salvation, of great concern to most Elizabethans, was not through works or merit but by inscrutable divine election. The post-Reformation man, alienated from the objective structure of the traditional Church, as well as from the release of the confessional, with a burdened and isolated conscience, turned his guilt inward. The Renaissance epistemological crisis emphasized the notion of the relativity of perception, present in the appearance-versus-reality motif recurrent through Renaissance drama. The Renaissance dramatists’ works mark a transition between absolute natural law bestowed by God, and relativistic natural law, recognized by man. The Playhouses The old Medieval stage of â€Å"place-and-scaffolds,† still in use in Scotland in the early sixteenth century, had fallen into disuse; the kind of temporary stage that was dominant in England about 1575 was the booth stage of the marketplace—a small rectangular stage mounted on trestles or barrels and â€Å"open† in the sense of being surrounded by spectators on three sides. The stage proper of the booth stage generally measured from 15 to 25 ft. in width and from 10 to 15 ft. in depth; its height above the ground averaged a bout 5 ft. 6 in., with extremes ranging as low as 4 ft. and as high as 8 ft.; and it was backed by a cloth-covered booth, usually open at the top, which served as a tiring-house (short for â€Å"attiring house,† where the actors dressed). In the England of 1575 there were two kinds of buildings, designed for functions other than the acting of plays, which were adapted by the players as temporary outdoor playhouses: the animal-baiting rings or â€Å"game houses† (e.g. Bear Garden) and the inns. Presumably, a booth stage was set up against a wall at one side of the yard, with the audience standing in the yard surrounding the stage on three sides. Out of these â€Å"natural† playhouses  grew two major classes of permanent Elizabethan playhouse, â€Å"public† and â€Å"private.† In general, the public playhouses were large outdoor theatres, whereas the private playhouses were smaller indoor theatres. The maximum capacity of a typical public playhouse (e.g., the Swan) was about 3,000 spectators; that of a typical private playhouse (e.g., the Second Blackfriars), about 700 spectators. At the public playhouses the majority of spectators were â€Å"groundlings† who stood in the dirt yard for a penny; the remainder were sitting in galleries and boxes for two pence or more. At the private playhouses all spectators were seated (in pit, galleries, and boxes) and paid sixpence or more. In the beginning, the private playhouses were used exclusively by Boys’ companies, but this distinction disappeared about 1609 when the King’s Men, in residence at the Globe in the summer, began using the Blackfriars in winter. Originally the private playhouses were found only within the City of London (the Paul’s Playhouse, the First and Second Blackfriars), the public playhouses only in the suburbs (the Theatre, the Curtain, the Rose, the Globe, the Fortune, the Red Bull); but this distinction disappeared about 1606 with the opening of the Whitefriars Playhouse to the west of Ludgate. Public-theatre audiences, though socially heterogeneous, were drawn mainly from the lower classes—a situation that has caused modern scholars to refer to the public-theatre audiences as â€Å"popular†; whereas private-theatre audiences tended to consist of gentlemen (those who were university educated) and nobility; â€Å"select† is the word most usually opposed to â€Å"popular† in this respect. James Burbage, father to the famous actor Richard Burbage of Shakespeare’s company, built the first permanent theatre in London, the Theatre, in 1576. He probably merely adapted the form of the baiting-house to theatrical needs. To do so he built a large round structure very much like a baiting-house but with five major innovations in the received form. First, he paved the ring with brick or stone, thus paving the pit into a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"yard.† Second, Burbage erected a stage in the yard—his model was the booth stage of the marketplace, larger than used before, with posts rather than trestles. Third, he erected a permanent tiring-house in place of the booth. Here his chief model was the passage screens of the Tudor domestic hall. They were modified to withstand the weather by the insertion of doors in the doorways. Presumably the tiring-house, as a permanent structure, was inset into the frame of the playhouse rather than, as in the older temporary situation of the booth stage, set up against the frame of a baiting-house. The gallery over the tiring-house (presumably divided into boxes) was capable of serving variously as a â€Å"Lord’s room† for privileged or high-paying spectators, as a music-room, and as a station for the occasional performance of action â€Å"above† as, for example, Juliet’s balcony. Fourth, Burbage built a â€Å"cover† over the rear part of the stage, called â€Å"the Heavens†, supported by posts rising from the yard and surmounted by a â€Å"hut.† And fifth, Burbage added a third gallery to the frame. The theory of origin and development suggested in the preceding accords with our chief pictorial source of information about the Elizabethan stage, the â€Å"De Witt† drawing of the interior of the Swan Playhouse (c. 1596). It seems likely that most of the round public playhouses—specifically, the Theatre (1576), the Swan (1595), the First Globe (1599), the Hope (1614), and the Second Globe (1614)—were of about the same size. The Second Blackfriars Playhouse of 1596 was designed by James Burbage, and he built his playhouse in the upper-story Parliament Chamber of the Upper Frater of the priory. The Parliament Chamber measured 100 ft. in length, but for the playhouse Burbage used only two-thirds of this length. The room in question, after the removal of partitions dividing it into apartments, measured 46 ft. in width and 66 ft. in length. The stage probably measured 29 ft. in width and 18 ft. 6 in. in depth. The Staging Conventions In the private theatres, act-intervals and music between acts were customary from the beginning. A music-room was at first lacking in the public playhouses, since public-theatre performances did not originally employ act-intervals and inter-act music. About 1609, however, after the King’s men had begun performing at the Blackfriars as well as at the Globe, the custom of inter-act music seems to have spread from the private to the public playhouses, and with it apparently came the custom of using one of the tiring-house boxes over the stage as a music-room. The drama was conventional, not realistic: poetry was the most obvious convention, others included asides, soliloquies, boys playing the roles of women, battles (with only a few participants), the daylight convention (many scenes are set at night, though the plays took place in mid-afternoon under the sky), a convention of time (the clock and calendar are used only at the dramatist’s discretion), the convention of â€Å"eavesdropping† (many characters overhear others, which the audience is privy to but the overheard characters are not), and movement from place to place as suggested by the script and the audience’s imagination. Exits were strong, and when everyone departed the stage, a change of scene was indicated. There was relatively little scenery. Scenery was mostly suggestive; for example, one or two trees standing in for a whole forest. The elaborate costumes—for which companies paid a great deal of money—supplied the color and pageantry. Minimal scenery and limited costume changes made the transitions between scenes lightning-fast and kept the story moving. There was often dancing before and after the play—at times, during, like the peasants’ dance in Shakespeare’s Winter’s Tale. Jigs were often given at the end of performances, a custom preserved still today at Shakespeare’s Globe. The jigs at the theatre were not always mere dances, they were sometimes comprised of songs and bawdy knockabout farces filled with commentaries on current events. Perhaps the most famous jig was the one performed by Will Kemp, the clown in Shakespeare’s company, over a nine day period in 1599, on  the road from London to Norwich. It was published in 1600 as Kemps nine daies wonder. After 1600, the bawdy jigs fell into derision and contempt and were only performed at theatres such as the Red Bull, which catered to an audience appreciative of the lowest humor and most violent action. The clowns were the great headliners of the Elizabethan stage prior to the rise of the famed tragedians of the late 1580s, such as Edward (Ned) Alleyn and Richard Burbage. Every company had a top clown along with the tragedianæ ¡ ½hakespeareæŠ ¯ company was no exception: Richard Tarleton was the clown until his death in 1588, Will Kemp was the clown until forced out of the company in 1599, to be replaced by another famous clown, Robin Armin. The clowns not only performed the aforementioned jigs, but also played many of the great comic characters; Kemp most likely played Peter in Romeo and Juliet and Dogberry in Much Ado About Nothing, Armin the parts of Feste in Twelfth Night and the Fool in King Lear. From contemporary documents, we know there were over a thousand actors in England between 1580-1642*. Most were poor, â€Å"starving actors†, but a few dozen were able to make names for themselves and become shareholders in their respective companies, and make a good living. The repertory system was demanding esides playing six days a week, a company would be in continual rehearsal in order to add new plays and to refresh old ones in their schedule. A player would probably learn a new role every week, with thirty to forty roles in his head. No minor feat, especially considering that an actor would only get his lines and cues (in a rolled up parchment, his â€Å"roll†, from which we get the word â€Å"role†), not a whole script! Over a period of three years, a tragedian such as Edward Alleyn, lead player for the Admiral’s Men, would learn not only fifty new parts but also retain twenty or more old roles.

The Role of Classroom Interaction in a Primary Level Classroom

The function of schoolroom interaction in a primary degree schoolroom has been the centre of focal point in many surveies conducted in this field. Most of the surveies were carried out by western research workers in which the schoolroom interaction was critically studied to happen its impact on the future mentality / public presentation of a pupil. These surveies cover assorted spheres of schoolroom interaction covering teacher-student and peer-peer interaction. Since we have a curious socio-economic apparatus in Pakistan which differs from the western civilizations, there is null that needs to be filled up by analyzing a schoolroom interaction in the model of the predominating teaching civilization of our state. Furthermore, in our civilization learning profession has ne'er been of premier importance instead professions like technology, medical or being a pilot in PAF is more preferable. This has resulted in encephalon drain in the instruction profession. Young alumnuss who do non happen any occupation, bend to the learning profession as a last resort. Furthermore, in the socio-economic apparatus of our state instruction is a low-income profession, which force instructors to merely go through the category room clip learning nil, and have their ain tuition centres to learn at eventides. Additionally the pupils from the less fortunate backgrounds find it hard to prosecute in peer-peer interaction or have violent attitudes in class-room interaction which, at times, proves counter-productive. This survey aims to research kineticss of category room interaction in a primary degree category room and outlines a scheme to work out this job.Statement of ProblemTo analyze category room interaction in a primary category room environment.Scope of StudyThis survey will place the cardinal factors that contribute to category room interaction in a primary degree category room. It will besides individual out hindrances being faced by schools in Pakistan to heighten category room interaction. This survey may be used as a helpful usher in explicating a composite policy towards heightening category room interaction in the school systems in Pakistan.Significance of this SurveyAfter independency in 1947, no serious idea was of all time given to construction our educational system on a solid and balance, exhaustively worked out termss that should bring forth a regiment of good groomed, socially confident and focussed work Equus caballuss to turn to the intensifying issues of a freshly born p rovince. Quiet opposed to that a fire combat policy, non wholly sing the socio-religious and the socio-economic background of the people, was the chief drive force behind preparation of our instruction policy. This resulted in state of affairs where the intelligent and bright pupils from a university would stop up using for occupations other so the instruction professions and finally the rejected batch found a topographic point in our schooling system as instructors where they would vent off their egocentric and societal want on their pupils. This survey would try to bring out the fact that deficiency of category room interaction is because of inept and incapable instructors. Furthermore, if any efforts to relieve the category room interaction are done, so the deficiency of vision by such instructors proves to be the chief hindrance. This survey would be a valuable service to the society and the state and will function the intent to be a guide line in explicating a composite instruction policy to eliminate the defects of the present twenty-four hours primary school system. This instruction policy can be implemented for both the populace every bit good as private sector schools.Literature ReviewBoth Kenneth and Bruffee ( 1984 ) have observed that the degree of pupils ‘ engagement in schoolroom interaction is straight relative to the grade of instructor ‘s engagement. They have farther outlined that the most direct manner to make category room interaction is that the instructor follow the rules of collaborative acquisition in which the instructor prepares a acquisition job or undertaking and so delegate little groups of pupils to work out the job collaboratively. Teachers ‘ engagement in schoolroom interaction was besides advocated by Hill ( 1969 ) who opines that the instructor ‘s function is most of import in planing the undertaking. Once groups have begun work, the instructor should make no more than unobtrusively supervise the procedure because the group needs to decide the procedure themselves. Prediction of human behavior under a peculiar set of fortunes have been studied by assorted research workers which conclude that human head tend to larn fast when acquisition is conducted in groups. Meyers ( 1986 ) besides pointed out that larning is fast provided the collaborative undertakings are decently designed.|3|Research QuestionsThe survey shall take to the reply the followers: – ( a ) Is the category room interaction in our schooling system degrading or is reforming? ( B ) How strongly the instructor ‘ behavior towards heightening the category room interaction at primary degree category room affects the overall response of the pupils. ( degree Celsius ) How long will it take to reform the category room interaction job in our schooling system?HypothesisThe survey is based on the undermentioned hypothesis: – â€Å" Incapable instructors are the chief ground why category room interaction is non prevailing in our primary category room environment. †Definition of Key Words/ FootingsIn this survey, following nomenclatures are used and explained below. ( a ) Peer-peer Interaction: This term signifies all interactions that occur between the participants of common age groups i.e. pupils of the same category in a school. ( B ) Socioeconomic Index. Socioeconomic index of a instructor is a composite appraisal of his instruction and wealth whereas for a pupil it is based on the business, instruction and wealth of his parents. ( degree Celsius ) Collaborative Learning: Collaborative acquisition means planing larning undertaking or job by the instructor which is so handed over to the pupils to work out collaboratively. ( vitamin D ) Analysis of variance: A Analysis of Variance is a aggregation ofA statistical theoretical accounts and associated processs in which the observedA varianceA in a peculiar variable is classified into constituents which can be attributed to assorted beginnings of fluctuation.Research MethodologyA intercrossed theoretical account consisting of both the qualitative and quantitative research methodological analysiss will be employed for informations acquisition for this survey because it tend to execute better in set abouting any research. For this intent, questionnaires and interviews of the pupils and instructors will be the chief beginning of informations assemblage. Population and Sampling. The population for this research will be the pupils and instructors of the selected schools. This survey will include pupils and instructors of primary degree, both from private schools every bit good as public sector schools. From private sector Beacon House and City School have been chosen and from the populace sector, F.G. School and Army Public School have been chosen. All of these schools are situated in Karachi, Hyderabad and Nawab Shah country. A sum of 30 schools dwelling of 20 private and 10 public sector owned schools have been chosen. Sample size will consists of 15 pupils and 20 instructors from public sector school whereas 10 pupils and 15 instructors will organize up the sample size from the private sector schools. The entire sample size will be 950 that will include 550 instructors and 400 pupils in all. Research Instruments. As outlined earlier, this research will follow a loanblend theoretical account which is a combination of both the qualitative and quantitative research methodological analysiss. Following the traditions of qualitative methodological analysis, in the flesh interviews with both the pupils and instructors will be conducted. The instructors will be asked the grounds for worsening category room interaction and what are the salary construction that is being followed in prevalent schools. The pupils will be asked to sketch the grade of interest/ counsel provided by a certain instructor. To cover up the quantitative sphere, questionnaires will be used for informations assemblage. The questionnaire will be given to both instructors and pupils. The instructors will foreground their income inside informations, the figure of household member they have to back up, their matrimonial position, the educational makings they have, did they follow the instruction profession by wil l or by irresistible impulse. The pupil will be subjected to reply inquiries such as the educational degree of their parents and the income or household wealth. Two separate questionnaires will be prepared ; one for the instructors and one for the pupils. The questionnaire for instructors should be prepared in such a manner as non to pique them, and for the pupils it should be prepared harmonizing to the comprehension degree of the pupils. In both instances it should be a combination of multiple pick inquiries ( MCQs ) and make full in the clean type of questionnaire. The interviews required will be 15-20 proceedingss long for the pupils and 20-25 proceedingss long for the instructors.Plan of Data Analysis18. ROOTS and SPSSA ( Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ) package bundles will be used for the information analysis. These package bundles provide Descriptive statistics, Bivariate statistics, anticipation for results and anticipation for placing groups which helps in effectual informations analysis. Statistical theoretical accounts like ANOVA ( Analysis of Variance ) will be used to analyse lending factors across the instructors and pupils groups belonging to different socio-economic groups. Recursive abstraction and mechanical techniques will be employed for the qualitative analysis. Bar charts, Pie charts and Histograms will be used for statistical comparing of informations.Validity and Reliability19. Interviewer documentation and equal debriefing will be used as a method of set uping the cogency of qualitative analysis whereas the questionnaires distributed among the selected schools shall organize up the quantitative analysis.Ethical Considerations20. The research will be carried out in such a mode that confidentiality of all of the information is purely ensured. This will be done by nearing the direction of the selected schools. They will be taken into assurance on the purpose and the principle behind the research. The participants of the survey will be provided full confidentiality by maintaining their names confidential. Furthermore, entree to the information of this survey will be provided to the pa rticipants of the survey merely.Summary of the Proposal21. The intent of this research is to analyze the kineticss of category room interaction in a primary degree category room. The survey was based on the premise that category room interaction in a primary degree category room is affected by multiple factors. These factors include socio-economic standing of the instructors, the ability/competency degree of the instructors and the socio-economic standing of the pupils. Among these the first two are the premier factors in finding the overall degree of the category room interaction. The research theoretical account employed for informations assemblage and analysis is a mixture of both the quantitative and qualitative methods. For the intent of this survey, the population will be defined as all the instructors and pupils of the selected schools of primary degree educational section of Pakistan enrolled. Sample size will be 900 that shall include 500 instructors and 400 pupils from 30 different private and public schools.Time Activity Chart22. Research shall be conducted for continuance of six months, with consequence from 01 October, 2011 boulder clay 01 April, 2012. Timelines for assorted activities of the research are as follows: –Datas AnalysisUndertakingTable 1: Time Activity ChartFinalization of participants30Time line ( Weeks )Result FinalizationReading trials, questionnaire readying272421183691215

Emma by Jane Austen Essay

The comic novel â€Å"Emma† by Jane Austen tells about smooth and roughs of a young lady Emma who is intelligent, but has nothing to do. Actually, the author ironically shows how Emma is trying to change her position in life. Nevertheless, the novel differs fro others Austen’s writings as Emma is financially independent and, therefore, she doesn’t want to marry because of money and better position in society. The author departs from her primary theme as in other works she focuses mostly on the quest for marriage. Therefore, â€Å"Emma† is lighter and more humorous than other writings. Emma is twenty one. She lives with her father who takes too much care of her. Emma’s live is comfortable as she has loving family and money, though she considers her life rather dull and empty. She is presented as determined young lady and throughout the novel we see that she mutedly protests against such life of wealthy lady. She is disappointed as she has no one to love and she is still childless. However, instead of marrying unpleasant man she prefers matchmaking. Firstly, she tries to match her friend Harriet Smith. The novel turns interesting when Frank Churchill arrives with Jane Fairfax. Emma starts thinking that she has to find something to do and to change her dull life. She sees that many young ladies have handsome couple and she tries to fall in love with Frank, but her old friend Mr. Knightly loves her. Harriet thinks that he is in love with her and Emma feels jealousy about that fact. Finally, she understands Mr. Knightly is her true love. When she makes her a proposal to marry him, she agrees. Harriet marries young farmer. Actually, the novel is provided with happy ending. As for me, I enjoy reading Austen’s novels as they raise important theme: to marry a person whom you love or who is wealthy. I think that it is still a matter of debates. Austen’s heroines are vividly shown leading us into new word of adventures, secret engagements and mysteries.

Rates of Reaction Lab Investigation

Chemestry Lab Rates of Reaction (Picture from: http://sciencespot. net/Pages/kdzchem. html) The rate of reaction is how fast or slow a reaction is completed. This is important for factories and chemists all over the world. What happenes during a reaction is atoms or molecules that collide and form new molecules. You can affect this rate of reaction with: temperature of reactants or suroundings, surface area of reactants, if there is a catalyst present, but in theis lab the concentration was changed as the IV. The reaction rate is masured in change/time, in this case it was: volume of gass produced/minutes.Gas was measured in ml/minute, and this was the DV. Aim of lab was: To find the change in rate if reaction, depending on the concentration of hydrocloric acid. Hypothesis: If the concentration of hydrocloric acid is increased, the rate of reaction will increase and the volume of gass will increase. The reasoning behind the hypothesis is that when there are more molecules in the solu tion the reactants collide more often, so more product is made in a shorter periode of time. The equation was: Mg + 2HCl > MgCl2 + H2 Similar article: Measuring Reaction Rate Using Volume of Gas ProducedIndependent variable| Dependent variable| Controled variables| Value| How to control the CV| Concentration of acid| Rate of reaction| Vol of acid| 20 ml| Measure using a 50ml Measuring cylinder| 2 moles pr. L| Vol of gas| Temp of acid| Room temp. | Not controlled, only montored| 1 moles pr. L| | Amount of Mg| 5 cm or ribbon/ 0. 07g| Ruler, and weight| 0. 5 moles pr. L| | Precence of catalyst| No| Not have a catalyst| 0. 25 moles pr. L| | Type of acid| Hydrocloric| Have same type of acid| Method: 1. Gather aparatus and materials, and set up as shown in diagram below aparatus list. 2. Bucket + water 3. Measure temp, in room and water 4.Fill measuring cylinder with water 5. Rubber tube + sidearmed test tube 6. Obtain 0. 08 g using a weight, place in side-armed test tube 7. 20 ml HCl of 2 moles pr. L in measuring cylinder 8. Place measuring cylinder in bucket with water, upside down, without air leaking in to the cylind er when flipped. 9. Puor HCl into side-armed testtube. 10. Start the stopwatch 11. Close the top of the side-armed test tube by placing rubber tap 12. Weight 3 min. be accurate using the stopwatch 13. Record ml of gas produced 14. Reapeat the experiment twise pr. Concentration: 2 moles pr L, 1 mole pr. L, 0. 5 moles pr. L and 0. 25 moles pr. L Aparatus list: Sidearemd testtube – Rubber plug – Rubber tube – Bucket – Water – 2x 100ml measuring cylinder – 400ml Beaker – 40 ml in each concentration type of HCl acid, 2, 1, 0. 5 and 0. 25 M. Pr. L – 8x 0. 08g of Mg ribbon – Stopwatch Raw data table showing amount of gas created in the two trials of the experiment: Concentration in moles pr. L| Trial 1 – ml og gass produced in 3 min| Trial 2 – ml og gass produced in 3 min| 0. 25| 8| 10| 0. 50| 30| 32| 1. 00| 70| 73| 2. 00| 61| 65| First proceced data table showing average of gas made: Concentration in moles pr. L| Average of trial 1 and 2 in ml of gas produced in 3 min| 0. 25| 9| 0. 50| 31| 1. 0| 71. 5| 2. 00| 63| Proceced data table showing rate of reaction: Formula used=ml of gass produced/time (in seconds) Concentration in moles pr. L| Rate of reaction calculation in ml/sec| Rate of reaction result in ml/sec| 0. 25| 9/180| 0. 05| 0. 50| 31/180| 0. 17| 1. 00| 71. 5/180| 0. 40| 2. 00| 63/180| 0. 35| Graph showing the rate of reaction: Conclusion: As the results clearly show, the rate of reaction increases rapidly and this strongly supports my hypothesis. The amount of succesfull collisions increased, because of increased number of atoms in the product, so when the concentration was increased it rate of reaction increases.There are more collisions because of more atomes, and therefor more succesfull once. Evaluation: Random errors: * Therometer used to measure temperature * Inaccuracy of +/- 1 C * Balance weight used to measure Mg ribbon * Inaccuracy of +/- 0. 01 g * Measuring cylinders used to measure volume of acid and volume of gas * Inaccuracy of +/- 0. 5 ml * Ruler used to measure Mg ribbon * Inaccuracy of +/- 0. 1 cm Ways to prevent random errors and improve the method: – Compleet the experiment more times Systematic errors: – As you see in the graph, the fourth result was anomalus.During the 3 minutes the magnesium ribbon was â€Å"used up† in a very short period of time. The rate was so fast in the 2 moles per liter that it was over in under a minutte, but in the other concentration types it tok longer time for the reaction to compleet. Therefor we have to look away from the highest concentrations, and focus on the three lowest. This was a big weakness in the lab. – When pouring the HCl acid into the side armed test tube, some of the reaction had been compleeted before we had time to put the rubber stopper on every time. The temperature was only monitored, not controlled. Ways to reduce systematic errors and improve the lab: * Have a shorter reaction time: shorten the time form 3 min to around 1 minutte. * Use a fisle-funnle to prevent gas leaking out before the stopper is placed on the testtube. * Do the experiment in a controlled environment, like in a water bath. Sugestions to possible further investigations into this topic: You can change the IV, to one of the other factors that affect rate of reaction. Eg. Take the same concentration of HCl acid and change the temperature, or the precence of catalyst.